拉多加湖

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拉多加湖（俄语：Ладожское озеро，芬兰语：Laatokka）是位於俄羅斯西北部卡累利阿共和國和列寧格勒州的淡水湖，也是歐洲最大的湖泊和世界第15大湖泊。

[编辑] 地理

拉多加湖地圖

湖泊面積為17,700平方公里(不計島嶼)，南北兩岸相距219公里，平均闊83公里，平均深度為51公尺，最大深度230公尺(西北部)，集水區面積276,000平方公里，水體體積908立方公里。湖中有約660個島嶼，總面積為455平方公里。除了著名的維拉姆島外，大部分小島處於西北部。

拉多加湖的集水區包括50,000個湖泊和3,500條長逾10公里的河流。約85%水源來自支流，13%來自兩水，剩下的2%是地下水。

[编辑] 支流

拉多加湖主要的支流有：

• 司维尔河，流出奧湼加湖（東南，流量︰每秒790立方公尺）
• 沃尔霍夫河，流出伊爾門湖（南，流量︰每秒580立方公尺）
• 武克希河，流出芬兰塞马湖（西，流量︰每秒540立方公尺）
• 夏斯河（南，流量︰每秒53立方公尺）

拉多加湖海拔4米高，湖水流入涅瓦河最终注入波罗的海芬兰湾。

The Ladoga is navigable, being a part of Volga-Baltic Waterway connecting the Baltic Sea with the Volga River. The Novoladozhsky Canal bypasses the lake in the southern part, connecting the Neva to the Svir.

[编辑] 野生动物

The Ladoga is rich with fish. It has its own endemic Ringed Seal subspecies known as the Ladoga Seal.

[编辑] 歷史

In the Middle Ages, the lake formed a vital part of the Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks, with the Norse emporium at Staraya Ladoga defending the mouth of the Volkhov since the 8th century. In the course of the Swedish-Novgorodian Wars, the area was disputed between the Novgorod Republic and Sweden. In the early 14th century, the fortresses of Korela (Kexholm) and Oreshek (Noteborg) were established along the banks of the lake.

The ancient Valaam Monastery was founded on the island of Valaam, the largest in Lake Ladoga, abandoned between 1611–1715, magnificently restored in the 18th century, and evacuated to Finland during the Winter War in 1940. In 1989 the monastic activities in the Valaam were resumed. Other historic cloisters in the vicinity are the Konevets Monastery, which sits on another island, and the Alexander-Svirsky Monastery, which preserves fine samples of medieval Muscovite architecture.

During the Ingrian War, a fraction of the Ladoga coast was occupied by Sweden. In 1617, by the Treaty of Stolbovo, the northern and western coast was ceded by Russia to Sweden. In 1721, after the Great Northern War, it was restituted to Russia by the Treaty of Nystad. Later, in 1812–1940 the lake was the border between Finland and Russia.

During the Siege of Leningrad (1941–1944), Lake Ladoga provided the only access to the besieged city. Supplies were transported into Leningrad with trucks on winter roads over the ice, the "Road of Life", and by boat in the summer. After the World War II, Finland lost the Karelia region to the USSR, and most Finns were forced to evacuate the ceded territory. Some native Karelians, however, remained and still live there.

[编辑] 湖邊城鎮

• Shlisselburg (北纬59度56分，東经31度02分)
• Novaya Ladoga (北纬60度06分，東经32度18分)
• Syasstroy (北纬60度08分，東经32度34分)
• Pitkyaranta (北纬61度34分，東经31度28分)
• Sortavala (北纬61度42分，東经30度41分)
• Lakhdenpokhya (北纬61度31分，東经30度12分)
• Priozersk (北纬61度02分，東经30度08分)

[编辑] 瑣事

The 2003 film Vozvrashcheniye (The Return), directed by Andrey Zvyagintsev, was filmed on and around Lake Ladoga and the Gulf of Finland.